Chidule
Kuwunikira kwa bwalo la mpira makamaka kumatengera machesi a mpira omwe amakwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso ntchito zowunikira zomwe zimafunikira pamasewera amasewera ambiri.Mothandizidwa ndi masewera osiyanasiyana oyeserera kapena zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, imatha kukhazikitsidwa kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zowunikira zochitika zausiku.
Kafukufukuyu akuchokera pa International standard FIFA-Guide to the Artificial lighting for Football pitches specifications, mulingo wounikira, kapangidwe ka ngodya yowunikira, mulingo wowunikira, osawunikira komanso kapangidwe kake kwa osewera ndi madera atolankhani, kuyika benchmark yowunikira, zowunikira chitetezo, kuyatsa. zida, Zofunikira zisanu ndi zitatu zamapangidwe ndi kayeseleledwe kantchito ka zida zotetezera.
Zotsatira zowunikira usiku zomwe zimapezedwa kudzera mu kayeseleledwe ndizo
1.kuunika kopingasa komanso koyima komanso kufanana kwa kuyatsa kumatha kukwaniritsa zofunika kwambiri pakuwunikira kwamasitediyamu
2.kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuwongolera ndi kuyatsa kumapangidwira kuti apereke chitonthozo chapamwamba;
3.Gwiritsani ntchito magetsi okhala ndi mtundu wa 95 ndi kutentha kwamtundu wa 5600K kuti mupange chilengedwe chonse chabwaloli.
4.Simulate ndi kusintha chiwerengero cha nyali ndikusankha nyali zapamwamba kwambiri kuti muchepetse ndalama zogwirira ntchito
5.Gwiritsani ntchito zowunikira zabwino kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino wa magwero owunikira kuti muchepetse nthawi yokonza.
Mawu osakira: bwalo la mpira, kufanana, kuwunikira kopingasa, kuwunikira koyima, mthunzi, kutulutsa mitundu
Mawu Oyamba
Phunziroli lili mdera lokonzekera matawuni lomwe lili pafupifupi mahekitala 3.7 kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Zhubei Campus ya National Taiwan University, kumpoto kwa Zhuangjing 1st Road, Guangming 6th Road East Section, komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Zhubei Campus, Zhubei City, Hsinchu. County.Bwalo lachiwiri lamasewera la Hsinchu County Stadium makamaka limaphatikizapo njanji yapadziko lonse ya 400-mita ndi bwalo lamasewera, lokhala ndi bwalo la mpira wanthawi zonse, dziwe lotchinga la mita 3,000, ndi zida zofananira zakumunda.Chitsimikizo cha Level ndi chiphaso cha Republic of China Athletics Association.Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikukambilana za mmene kuyatsa kwa zida zounikira usiku kumabwalo a mpira.
Chidziwitso Chachiyambi
Kuwunikira kwa zida zowunikira usiku kumabwalo a mpira kumatengera miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ya FIFA Guide pakuwunikira kopangira zofunikira pamiyezo ya Mpira wa Mpira.Zofunikira mwatsatanetsatane ndi izi:
Kalasi yowunikira
Mapangidwe a magetsi opangira magetsi ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi: Nsanamira za nyali, mabulaketi kapena zinthu zofananira sizingasokoneze
Zochita za ochita mpikisano m'munda ndi mzere wowonera maimidwe kuti muwone masewerawa;kapangidwe ayenera kuchepetsa mitundu itatu ya kuipitsa kuwala (Obtrusive Light)
1. Kuwala kwachindunji kutayika m'munda
2. Yang'anirani anthu omwe ali kunja kwa malowo (kusefukira kwa thambo la usiku)
3. Kuwala kwa usiku
Beam Angle Design Basis
Table 1 Table General wa ngodya za walitsa
| Angle Yowunikira | Gymnasium Peripheral Distance | Kuwala |
| Kusefukira kopingasa | Mkati mwa 50m kunja kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi | 25 lux |
| Chokwera choyimirira | Mkati mwa 50m kunja kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi | 40 lux |
| Kusefukira kopingasa | Mkati mwa 200m kunja kwa stadium | 10 lux |
| Chokwera choyimirira | Mkati mwa 200m kunja kwa stadium | 20 lux |
Illuminance Standard
Table 2 General table of illuminance standards
| MpikisanoLevel | Miyezo |
| Mpikisano Wapadziko Lonse Kalasi V (yokhala ndi TV) | Palibe mithunzi ndi kunyezimira pamalopo |
| Mpikisano wapakhomo Kalasi lV (yokhala ndi wailesi yakanema) | Palibe mithunzi ndi kunyezimira pamalopo |
| Mpikisano wapakhomo Kalasi lll (palibe kuwulutsa kwa TV) | Mizati yowunikira pamalo ochitira mwambowu imayikidwa m'magulu 8 popanda kuwala |
| Regional Competition Class ll (palibe kuwulutsa kwa TV) | Mizati yowunikira pamalo ochitira mwambowu imayikidwa m'magulu 6 popanda kuwala |
| Mpumulo ndi Phunzirani Kalasi l (palibe kuwulutsa pa TV) | Mizati yowunikira pamalo ochitira mwambowu imayikidwa m'magulu a 4 popanda kuwala |
Perekani malo owoneka bwino kwa osewera ndi media, popanda zowunikira komanso zowunikira pamagawo awiri otsatirawa
1.Malo okhomera pakona
Kutengera pakatikati pa cholinga, mkati mwa 15 ° kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa mzere wa zigoli, ndipo sipadzakhala kuipitsidwa ndi kuwala.
2.Kumbuyo kwa malo a cholinga
Malo okhomerera pakona kumbali zonse ziwiri adzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo owonetsera, ndipo sipadzakhala vuto mkati mwa 20 ° ndi 45 ° ya mzere woyimirira mbali zonse.
Chithunzi 1: Chithunzi chojambula cha bwalo lamasewera lopanda kuipitsidwa
Njira zowunikira zowunikira ziyenera kukwaniritsa zomwe zili patsamba lotsatirali
Pofuna kupewa kuipitsidwa ndi kuwala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyatsa kwa usiku kwa bwalo lamasewera kumalo ozungulira, zowunikira zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito ngodya yapakati/yopapatiza.Ngati ndi kotheka, mbale yapadera yowongolera idzayikidwa kuti iwongolere mtandawo mubwalo lamasewera popanda kuwonetseredwa mwachindunji.
Pitani ku nyumba zoyandikana nazo, kuti musakhumudwitse anthu.Malo ounikira a omvera amaganiziridwanso kuti apewe kuwala.
Sinthani ngodya yolozera mkati mwa mtunda wa 65 °, ndipo pangani mithunzi kuti igwirizane kuti iwunikenso chimodzimodzi kuti mupange gawo ili.
1.Kuunikira koyima komwe kwalembedwa patebulo kumatanthawuza kuunikira komwe kumayang'ana kamera.
Table 3 Lighting Design Benchmark Table
| Vertical Illuminance | Kuwala Kwambiri | Gwero Lowala | |||||||
| Eav | U0 | Eav | U0 | Mtengo CCT | CRI | ||||
| Kalasi | Kamera | Lux | U1 | U2 | Lux | U1 | U2 | Tk | Ra |
| Izapadziko lonse lapansiCompetitionKalasi V | Zokhazikika | 2400 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 3500 | 0.6 | 0.8 | > 4000k | > 70 |
| Munda | 1800 | 0.4 | 0.65 | ||||||
| Izapadziko lonse lapansiCompetitionKalasi IV | Zokhazikika | 2000 | 0.5 | 0.65 | 2500 | 0.6 | 0.8 | > 4000k | > 70 |
| Munda | 1400 | 0.35 | 0.6 | ||||||
2.The illuminance value yotchulidwa patebulo ndi kuunikira komwe kumayenera kusamalidwa panthawiyi;mphamvu ya nyali iyenera kuwerengedwa ngati 0,7, kotero kuti chiwerengero chenichenicho chiyenera kukhala
Kuchulukitsa katatu mulingo womwe walembedwa patebulo
3.Kuwala kwa magiredi onse olembedwa patebulo: GR 50
4.Kusiyanitsa kowala (mamita 5 aliwonse) pamakalasi onse olembedwa patebulo: ≤ 20%
Table 4 Lighting Design Benchmark Table
| Vertical Illuminance | Kuwala Kwambiri | Gwero Lowala | |||||||
| Eav | U0 | Eav | U0 | Mtengo CCT | CRI | ||||
| Kalasi | Kamera | Lux | U1 | U2 | Lux | U1 | U2 | Tk | Ra |
| Mpikisano Wapakhomo Kalasi III | - | - | - | - | 750 | - | 0.7 | > 4000k | > 70 |
| International Competition Class IV | - | - | - | - | 500 | - | 0.6 | > 4000k | > 70 |
| Maphunziro ndi Zosangulutsa | - | - | - | - | 250 | - | 0.5 | > 4000k | > 70 |
1.Kusiyanitsa kowala kwa magawo onse omwe alembedwa patebulo (pa 10 mita): ≤30%
2.The illuminance value yotchulidwa patebulo ndi kuunikira komwe kumayenera kusamalidwa panthawiyi;Kuwala kounikira kuyenera kuwerengedwa ngati 0.7, kotero kuti chiwerengero chenicheni chazitsulo chiyenera kukhala 1.4 nthawi zomwe zalembedwa patebulo.
Nkhawa Zachitetezo
Chifukwa chakuti dziko la Taiwan lili m’dera limene kukuchitika chivomezi, mphepo zamkuntho komanso zivomezi zawononga kwambiri mizati younikira magetsi.Choncho, powerengetsera momwe mphepo imagwirira ntchito pamtengo wowala, njira yowerengera ya American AASHTO 1985 imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe ndi yokwanira kukana mphepo yamkuntho yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe imakhala ndi mphepo yamkuntho ya 75 m / sec ndi mphepo yamkuntho nthawi yomweyo. ya 91 m / sec, ndipo mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi mphepo ndi yaikulu kuposa ya malamulo a zomangamanga.Malamulo a mphepo.Malinga ndi malamulo aukadaulo womanga, Taiwan ndi gawo lachivomezi.Kuphatikiza pa kutsata malamulo omanga pakupanga zivomezi zamitengo yowunikira, kapangidwe kake kamayenera kulimbikitsidwa mwapadera kuti awonjezere chitetezo kuti athane ndi zivomezi zazikulu zosayembekezereka.
Zida Zowunikira
Pole
Malinga ndi mipikisano yapadziko lonse lapansi, pali mizati yowunikira inayi yomwe idapangidwa pamundawu, kutalika kwa pole kuyenera kukhala 46 metres, ndipo kutalika kwapakati kwa nyali zamadzi pamtengo uliwonse ndi 43 metres.Pali 366 2000W zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zowonongeka zomwe zimayikidwa m'dera lonselo, ndi nyali 84 pamitengo inayi, kuti kuyatsa kwa malo kukwaniritse zofunikira zapangidwe.Mzati wowala umapangidwa ndi mbale yachitsulo yolimba kwambiri, ndipo ndi yotentha-kuviika malata oletsa dzimbiri malinga ndi ASTM A123.Makulidwe a filimu yopangira malata amayenera kukhala 70 Mircon kapena kupitilira apo, kuti asunge kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zaka 30 kapena kupitilira apo.Mphamvu yolimbana ndi chivomerezi ya chitsulo chounikira ikukwaniritsa zonse zofunikira zamphamvu ya zivomezi zomwe zanenedwa ndi Dipatimenti Yomanga ya Unduna wa Zam'kati.Gawo la maziko limagwiritsa ntchito konkriti yokhazikika yokhala ndi mtengo wopitilira 4000 PSI kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha mtengo wowunikira.Galimoto yokonza ma lifti amangiriridwa, kotero kuti ogwira ntchito yokonza amatha kukwera pamwamba kuti akonze babulo kapena kusintha mbali yake.
Kuwala kwa LED
Tengani mankhwala osagwira mphepo, osalowa madzi, osagwedezeka komanso oletsa dzimbiri.Gwero lowunikira ndi babu la chitsulo la 2000W lachitsulo lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri, lokhala ndi mtundu> Ra 90, kutentha kwamtundu wa 5000K kapena kupitilira apo, komanso kuwala kowoneka bwino kwa 85Lum/W.Nthawi zambiri, zimatenga mphindi 15-20 kuti muyambitsenso babu yachitsulo ngati mphamvu yatha kuyatsa.Choncho, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti masewerawa sangasokonezedwe m'tsogolomu komanso chifukwa cha chitetezo, akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito mababu ena kuti ayambitsenso nthawi yomweyo, kuti kuyatsa kuyambirenso magetsi., kugawanika kumayambira.Nyali zokhazikitsidwa m'dera lonselo zimaphatikizanso mtundu wosiyana, mtundu wokhazikika, mtundu wopindika wosiyanasiyana komanso nyali zoyambira zotentha.Nyalizo zimakhala ndi malo ang'onoang'ono olimbana ndi mphepo, ndizopepuka kulemera kwake, ndipo zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya mphepo yachitsulo cha nyali kuti awerengere mphamvu yonyamula.Zowunikira zoyenera kwambiri zimayikidwa ndi makina owongolera makompyuta.Nyali zimagwiritsa ntchito ma lumens (100 LM / W) mababu, pamodzi ndi ballasts ndi capacitor, kuti apulumutse mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa kulemera kwa nyali., zomwe zimapangitsa chitetezo.Mphamvu ikatha, mphamvu yadzidzidzi pamalopo idzalumphira pa jenereta, ndipo nyali zoyatsira moto nthawi yomweyo zidzayatsidwa munthawi yochepa kwambiri, potero kusunga chitetezo chotuluka pamalowo.
Woyendetsa LED
Gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu yamtundu wapamwamba, chinthu champhamvu chiyenera kukhala 90% kapena pamwamba, ndi choyenera kwa AC 220/380V 60HZ dongosolo lamagetsi.Ma ballasts a mtengo uliwonse wowunikira amaikidwa mu bokosi lachitsulo, ndipo fani ya mpweya imawonjezeredwa kuti iwononge kutentha.
Chitetezo Zida
Ndodo ya mphezi
Mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za malamulo a luso la zomangamanga, ndodo ya mphezi imayikidwa pamwamba pa mtengo uliwonse wowunikira kuti ateteze chitsulo chachitsulo ndi zowunikira.Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa mtengo wa kuwala, malo ake otetezera ndi okwanira kuti aphimbe malo ambiri, ndipo zitsulo zamphezi zimayikidwa kuti ziteteze malo omwe sangathe kutsekedwa.
Pole Grounding
Kuphatikiza pa kukhazikika kwa ndodo ya mphezi, mizati ina imayikidwa pansi kuti iteteze kutuluka kwa magetsi ndi kuvulaza anthu, kapena pamene mphezi igunda pamzati, magetsi okwera kwambiri amatha kulowetsedwa bwino mu dongosolo lokhazikika kuti atetezeke.
Kuwala kochenjeza kwa ndege
Magetsi ochenjeza oyendera ndege opepuka pang'onopang'ono amayikidwa pamwamba pa mtengo uliwonse wowunikira.Makhalidwe ndi njira zoyikira nyali ndi nyali zimapangidwira motsatira miyezo yaukadaulo yamagalimoto ndi mafotokozedwe okhazikitsa nyali zotsekereza zoyendetsa ndege.
Chitetezo mpanda
Pofuna kupewa owonerera kuti asakwere mizati yowunikira, mipanda yotetezeka yautali pafupifupi mamita 2 ndi zizindikiro zochenjeza anazingidwa mozungulira mizatiyo kuti atetezeke.
Kuwala Kwadzidzidzi
Magetsi anayi a 1000W quartz amawonjezedwa pamtengo uliwonse wowunikira, ndikulumikizidwa kumagetsi odziyimira pawokha.Dongosolo lamagetsi la Taipower likazimitsidwa, makinawo amatha kupereka zowunikira zochepa zotetezeka za 5LUX kapena pamwamba pamunda.
Kuyatsa Magwiridwe
Kuti mukhale ndi machesi a mpira wapadziko lonse lapansi, kuyatsa kuyenera kukwaniritsa zowunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi katundu wosiyanasiyana, monga
1.Osewera
2.Ma technicians, ma referee, ogwira ntchito mu stadium
3.Omvera: kuphatikizapo pamene akulowa m'munda, pamene masewera akuchitika, komanso pamene masewerawa atha
Osewera, osewera, ndi akatswiri aluso ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino ndikuwona zonse zomwe zikuchitika pabwalo kuti athe kuchita bwino;ndipo owonerera azitha kuwona bwino osewera ndi osewera omwe ali pabwalo ndi akatswiri ena aukadaulo Ndi malo ake ozungulira, ndiko kunena kuti, ngakhale owonerera ali patali ndi pakati pa bwalo, akuyenerabe kuwona bwino. osewera ndi madera awo pa nthawi yomweyo.Kuonjezera apo, zipangizo zounikira m’bwaloli zimafunikanso kukhala zotetezeka polowa ndi kutuluka m’bwaloli.tsogolera omvera.Choncho, kuunikira mu nkhani iyi osati amapereka kuunikira kwa omaliza mpira, koma akhoza kupereka zofunika kuunikira zosiyanasiyana njanji ndi kumunda masewera ndi ntchito zapachiweniweni m'tsogolo.
4.Miyezo yowunikira yokhudzana ndi kuwunikira kwa nkhaniyi ikuphatikizapo kuunikira kopingasa, kuunikira kowonekera, kufanana kwa miyeso ya kuunikira, malire a kuwala, mawonekedwe owonetsera kuwala ndi mthunzi, kutentha kwa mtundu ndi kutulutsa mitundu.Pakati pawo, zounikira zopingasa komanso zoyima zimakhudza kwambiri bwalo lonselo.
Comfort Leve
Kuti apange chitonthozo chabwino, kuunikira kumakhala kofunika kwambiri, komanso kuti pakhale kuwala kwabwino, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi kuwala kofanana ndi kuwongolera kwa kuwala.
Kufanana
Chifukwa chachikulu ndikuletsa chiŵerengero cha kuwala-mdima wa kuwala kuti ukhale waukulu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa osewera kapena owonerera kuti azindikire mpira kapena zinthu zina pamunda, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2 pansipa.
Glare Control
Kuwala ndi mkhalidwe womwe ngodya zina za bwalo lamilandu kapena nyali zimatulutsa kuwala kwambiri, zomwe zimachititsa kuti osewera, osewera, osewera komanso owonerera asokonezeke.Chodabwitsa ichi makamaka chifukwa cha kuwongolera kosawoneka bwino kwa nyali zokha komanso mawonekedwe a nyaliyo.chifukwa choyipa.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kukwaniritsa kuyatsa kwabwino komanso kuwongolera kwa glare kuti mukwaniritse chitonthozo chabwino kwambiri mubwalo lonseli.Kukwaniritsa 70% ya ulamuliro wa zinthu ziwirizi ndi kuyang'ana pa teknoloji yowonetsera ndi ngodya ya nyali yokha.
A.Gwiritsani ntchito zowunikira zosiyanasiyana ndi ma angle osiyanasiyana owunikira kuti mufanane ndi kasinthidwe kowunikira bwino
B. Maonekedwe a ngodya zowonetsera zosiyana
C. Kugawika Kowala Kosiyana
D. High dzuwa chowunikira
E.Kusankha kambiri kagawidwe ka kuwala
Kuwala kwamlengalenga
Mpweya wabwino umachokera makamaka pa maonekedwe a mtundu ndi kutentha kwa mtundu wa gwero la kuwala kwa nyali.Gwero la kuwala lokhala ndi maonekedwe abwino lingapangitse mpweya wa bwalo lonse kukhala losangalatsa, komanso lingapangitse kamera kusamutsidwa kuchoka pa TV kuti ijambule chithunzi chodabwitsa ndi chenichenicho mosavuta.Kutentha kwamtundu kumawongolera mtundu wa bwalo lonselo.Gwero lowala lomwe limakhala ndi kutentha kwamtundu wapamwamba limapangitsa kuti malowa aziwoneka ozizira, pomwe kuwala kokhala ndi kutentha kwamtundu wocheperako kumapangitsa kuti bwaloli liwonekere lotentha.Mawonekedwe amtundu wa mapangidwe enieni ndi mitundu 95 ndipo kutentha ndi 5600K.
Chithunzi 4 Chojambula chojambula chojambula ndi kutentha kwa mtundu
Malangizo oyika kuwala kwa LED
Chithunzi 5 Chithunzi chojambula cha kukhazikitsa nyali
Kuwerengera kwa Lux Lux
Chithunzi choyerekeza cha 3D cha bwalo la mpira
Zotsatira zomaliza
Kuti akwaniritse miyezo yoyambira yopangira malingaliro, kafukufukuyu adapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zisanu.
Zomwe zimapangidwira zowunikira ndi zina zokhudzana nazo zikufotokozedwa motere:
1. Kuunikira ntchito
Kuchokera pazotsatira zowerengetsera zomwe tazitchulazi, zimadziwika kuti kuunikira kopingasa komanso koyima komanso kufanana kumakwaniritsa zofunikira pakuwunikira masitediyamu.
2. Chitonthozo
Kusiyana pakati pa kuwongolera kwa kuwala ndi kuyatsa ndikuwunika ndikuwunika kutonthoza kwa kuyatsa kwabwaloli.Mu phunziro ili, zowonetsera zosiyana ndi zowonetsera zosiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zigwirizane ndi masanjidwe a nyali, ma angles osiyanasiyana owonetserako, ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a kuwala.
Itha kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu, chowunikira chapamwamba kwambiri, ndi kusankha kosiyanasiyana kwa ma angles ogawa kuwala.
3. Kupanga mumlengalenga
Kuchokera ku mtundu wa kuwala kwa 95 ndi kutentha kwa mtundu wa 5600K kuwongolera mpweya wonse wa bwaloli.
4. Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito
Mwa kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nyali ndi kuonjezera mphamvu ya nyali kuchepetsa mtengo wa ntchito yonse.
5. Gwiritsani ntchito kukonza
Gwiritsani ntchito gwero lounikira bwino kuti muwonjezere moyo wa gwero la kuwala ndikuchepetsa pafupipafupi kukonza.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-20-2022